Unit 1.1: Introduction 

Becoming a mom is a wonderful new experience. A lot of uncertainty and questions arise leading up to the big day. Advice is always needed as this phase in a woman’s life can be very overwhelming. This document will act as a guide and provide helpful and powerful insight for a first time mother who is experiencing uncertainties during pregnancy.

This guide will help you prepare and care for your new born baby and nurture their healthy development before and after they leave the womb.

All newborns should have full access to essential newborn care, which is the most critical care for all babies in the first days after birth and during their childhood development and growth. In South Africa, a woman can choose between Private health care and Public Health care depending on their socio economic status. Both of these options provide the same basic health care options for your needs.

 

Unit 1.2: The Doctor's Visit

It is very important to visit your nearest clinic or doctor as soon as you realise that you might be pregnant. Early detection of pregnancy is the key to a healthy pregnancy and to detect any danger signs. Your first visit to a clinic/doctor will be the longest of your pregnancy visits.

What to expect at the first antenatal visit if you are a first time visitor at a health facility: 

  • Forms will be filled in to open your file
  • You will be asked to provide your ID document
  • Any medication will be listed

 

Unit 1.3: The Medical Tests

What medical tests will be conducted during your first doctor’s visit?

 First you will give a sample of your urine so the following tests can be done:

  • Pregnancy test to confirm pregnancy
  • Infection test to detect any infections
  • STI, sexually transmitted infection tests
  • Blood pressure tests
  • HB test
  • Sugar test
  • HIV test
  • Rh factor test – this test will determine your blood type

These tests are very important to determine if your pregnancy is a high risk pregnancy. High risk pregnancies are monitored closely.

 The following questions will be asked:

  • Your medical history
  • Your mental health history
  • Family history
  • Previous pregnancy outcomes

You will now be examined by a medical professional. Your stomach will be examined for a mass.

Your stomach will be measured to determine how many weeks you are pregnant. You will be weighed.

What will you receive?

  • An antenatal booklet that you can always take with you
  • A follow up card
  • Medications including folic acid, vitamins and calcium

 

You will be council led and your next follow up clinical visit will be booked.

 

Unit 2.1: Safe and Healthy Nutrition during Pregnancy

When finding out you are pregnant, every expecting mother wants the best for their baby. An expecting mother would naturally like to implement a few changes in her lifestyle that would benefit and establish a good growth and development cycle for both mother and infant from conception through the delivery process and perhaps even after labor.

The following is a guided list that will help new mothers to have better insight on food categories and the benefits they can add to your pregnancy.

 

  • Food – Eating healthy during your pregnancy is one of the most important aspects of being pregnant.You not only look after your health but also the health of your new born baby.
  • Fruit and Vegetables – Eating a lot of fruit and vegetables can enhance the intake of vitamins and minerals that you and your developing baby needs.
  • Dairy Products – Eat a lot of dairy products as dairy products provide calcium, Vitamin B, magnesium and zinc.
  • Meat – Cooked meat, Chicken, Beef, Pork ext. Meat contains protein and also other vitamins that you and your developing baby needs.
  • Drinks – Reduced sugar fruit juice, fresh milk and a lot of water

 

Foods like whole grain, broccoli, eggs, sweet potatoes, beans, peas, peanuts and soybeans also contain all of the nutrition and vitamins that you need during your pregnancy.

1. What Foods to Avoid During Pregnancy

When it comes to you and your developing baby’s health, it is very important to avoid certain foods, drinks and drugs, as some things we might consume daily can be very harmful for the developing baby because they do not have the necessary or fully developed organs to digest and process these foods.

Prohibited foods:

  • Dairy Products – Unpasteurized dairy products should be avoided during pregnancy as these products can contain microorganisms that can be harmful for both mother and baby.
  • Fruit and Vegetables – Always wash your fruit and vegetables and avoid eating raw radish and sprouts and possible pesticides that are used to prevent pests from invading the crops.
  • Meat – Avoid eating uncooked meat and raw fish as this contains bacteria and other microorganisms that can be harmful to both mother and baby.

 

Prohibited drinks:

  • Alcohol – avoid drinking alcohol during pregnancy as this will influence the physiological and anatomical development of your unborn baby. Too much caffeine, herbal tea is also not good for your unborn baby. The liver is one of the last organs to develop in the growing infant and therefore the alcohol will not be digested as it should in a grown adult. Alcohol can lead to miscarriages, premature birth and a low birth weight according to (NHLS, Alcohol influences on pregnancy 2022). Another commonly known disorder caused by alcohol is Foetal alcohol syndrome, which is a chromosomal defect disorder like down syndrome.

 

Prohibited drugs:

  • The best way to know what drugs are safe during pregnancy is to consult with a medical practitioner on the specific drug or medication that you are taking.
  • Do not use tobacco, smoke cigarettes or use any type of drugs as this is not harmful for you only, but also for your unborn baby.

 

 

 

Unit 2.2: Preparing for your Newborn

 

1. What Moms need for Labor/Delivery

 In the Mother’s bag you will need:

  • Maternity pads, as you will most likely have lochia (a menstrual like discharge) after birth for about 1 – 2 months
  • Toiletries (Soap, cloth, towel, roll-on) as most mothers who deliver naturally are encouraged to do sitz-baths postpartum
  • Snacks, light meals, fruit, drinks, water. These will help you get the necessary energy you will need during delivery
  • Few pairs of underwear
  • Robe or nightgown as this makes access for breastfeeding easier
  • Pyjamas that can unbutton for breastfeeding
  • Loose, comfortable clothes to wear when going home
  • Pillow

 

 In the Baby’s bag you will need:

  • Newborn nappies/diapers
  • A receiver blanket
  • Vests and socks
  • A few onesies and sleepers
  • Hat or beanie
  • Normal blanket
  • Going home outfit
  • Baby wipes, toiletries
  • Burp cloth
  • Surgical spirits and cotton wool

 

 

Unit 3.1: Natural Birth

1. Going into Labor

There are several signs that can indicate that you are going into labour:

 

  • Contractions: Contractions are the most common and reliable sign of labor. Contractions are rhythmic and often painful, and they become stronger, longer, and closer together as labor progresses.
  • Changes in vaginal discharge: As labor approaches, you may notice an increase in vaginal discharge, which may be thicker and have a mucus-like consistency. You may also notice the loss of your mucus plug, which can signal that labor is imminent.
  • Breaking of the water: The breaking of the amniotic sac, which surrounds the baby, can be a sign that labor has begun. This is often referred to as "breaking the water." When this occurs, you may notice a sudden gush of fluid from your vagina.
  • Back pain: Back pain can be a sign of labor, especially if it is accompanied by contractions. Some women also experience a dull ache in their lower back that comes and goes.
  • Dilation of the cervix: Your doctor or midwife can check for dilation of the cervix, which is the opening of the uterus. Dilation occurs as the uterus prepares for delivery, and the cervix will gradually open as labor progresses.

 

It is important to keep in mind that these signs can occur at different times for different women, and that some women may not experience all of these signs. If you are unsure whether you are in labor, it is best to contact your doctor or midwife for guidance. They can help you determine whether it is time to go to the hospital or birthing centre.

 

2. What to Remember During Labor?

  • Controlled breathing – Using breathing techniques can help you relax and control the pain. You can practise controlled breathing throughout your pregnancy to ensure that when labor/delivery starts you are comfortable using your breathing techniques. This will also help you to focus on something other than the pain you might experience.
  • Empty Bladder – Keeping your bladder empty allows your baby to move into the pelvis and contractions can be more efficient in helping the labor/delivery process. This will also prevent you from sustaining any bladder injuries during pregnancy and delivery.
  • Walking – Walking is a great way to help speed up your labor process.
  • Keep Hydrated – Keep drinking water during the early phases of labor/delivery; it will ease the contractions and prevent dehydration during labor. This will also help to increase your energy that you will be needing during delivery.
  • Sitting on a yoga ball- This will help to move your baby down into the birthing canal, and “stretch” the perineal muscles that will be affected during labor. It could contribute to preventing the perineum from tearing.

3. What to expect Post Delivery

Normal birth – If you had an uncomplicated vaginal delivery, your baby will be given to you as soon as he is born, usually before the cord is cut. Delayed cord clamping is a technique in which the midwife delays cutting the umbilical cord as there are many benefits including increasing the haemoglobin and iron levels in full term babies which can reduce the risk of anaemia in infants.

Health care workers encourage skin-to-skin contact as it really helps with the bonding process between you and your infant. That is why your health care provider will place your baby directly on your chest after birth when the baby has been towel dried. Following that, the infant will be covered with a towel to prevent them from losing heat. This is another major factor why the baby Is placed on the mother’s chest after birth, so that the heat of the mother can be transferred to the baby. After the whole delivery process, the new born baby will be taken to an examination area to be examined by a neonatal nurse or a paediatrician, weighed and measured. Your baby will also receive konini (vitamin k), polio and BCG which are all vaccinations that they have to receive after birth.

 

4. How to Recover from a Normal Delivery

 Recovering from a normal birth can take several weeks, and it is important to take steps to care for yourself during this time. Here are some tips to help you recover from a normal birth:

  • Rest: It is important to rest and avoid overexerting yourself during the first few weeks after giving birth. This will help your body heal and reduce the risk of complications.
  • Pain management: You may experience pain and discomfort in your pelvic area, and your doctor may prescribe pain medication to help manage this. It is important to take your pain medication as directed and to avoid taking any over-the-counter pain relievers without first consulting your doctor.
  • Physical activity: You should avoid heavy lifting and strenuous physical activity for several weeks after giving birth. However, you can start moving around as soon as you feel comfortable and as directed by your doctor. Gentle exercise, such as walking, can help to promote healing and reduce the risk of blood clots.
  • Nutrition: Eating a balanced diet that is rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals can help to support your body's healing process. You may also need to drink extra fluids to stay hydrated.
  • Emotional support: Recovery from giving birth can be an emotional experience, and it is important to reach out to friends, family, and support groups for emotional support and encouragement.
  • Pelvic floor exercises: You may be advised to perform pelvic floor exercises, such as Kegels, to help strengthen your pelvic muscles and improve bladder control.

 

It is important to keep in mind that every woman's recovery is unique, and that the specific steps you need to take to recover from a normal birth will depend on your individual circumstances. Your doctor or midwife will be able to provide more information and guidance on how to recover from a normal birth, and can help you develop a plan that is right for you.

 

Unit 3.2: C-section

1. What to Expect during a C-section?

A caesarean section, also known as a c-section, is a surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen. Here's what you can expect during a c-section:

  • Preoperative preparation: Before the c-section, you will be given an IV to provide fluids and medications, and you will be asked to empty your bladder. You may also be given antibiotics to prevent infection.
  • Anaesthesia: Most c-sections are performed using regional anaesthesia, such as an epidural or spinal block, which numbs the lower half of your body. This allows you to be awake during the procedure but without feeling any pain.
  • Making the incision: The surgeon will make an incision in your lower abdomen, typically just above the pubic hairline, and then lift the skin and muscle to access the uterus.
  • Delivering the baby: The surgeon will then carefully separate the uterus and create an opening to deliver the baby. The baby will be lifted out of the uterus and placed on your chest for a brief period of time.
  • Closing the incision: After the baby is delivered, the incision in the uterus will be closed, and the incision in the abdomen will be closed with stitches or surgical staples.
  • Recovery: After the c-section, you will be taken to a recovery room where you will be monitored for any complications. You will also be able to hold and nurse your baby. You can expect to stay in the hospital for several days after the procedure to recover.

It is important to keep in mind that every c-section is different, and that the specific details of the procedure may vary based on individual circumstances. However, most c-sections follow this general outline, and your doctor or midwife will be able to provide more information and answer any questions you may have.

2. Recovery from a C-section

Recovering from a c-section can take several weeks, and it is important to follow your doctor's instructions and take steps to care for yourself during this time. Here are some tips to help you recover from a c-section:

  • Rest: It is important to rest and avoid overexerting yourself during the first few weeks after your c-section. This will help your body heal and reduce the risk of complications.
  • Pain management: You may experience pain and discomfort around the incision site, and your doctor may prescribe pain medication to help manage this. It is important to take your pain medication as directed and to avoid taking any over-the-counter pain relievers without first consulting your doctor.
  • Incision care: Your incision will be covered with a bandage, and it is important to keep this area clean and dry. You may need to change the dressing regularly and avoid soaking in a bath or swimming until your incision has fully healed.
  • Physical activity: You should avoid heavy lifting and strenuous physical activity for several weeks after your c-section. However, you can start moving around as soon as you feel comfortable and as directed by your doctor. Gentle exercise, such as walking, can help to promote healing and reduce the risk of blood clots.
  • Nutrition: Eating a balanced diet that is rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals can help to support your body's healing process. You may also need to drink extra fluids to stay hydrated.
  • Emotional support: Recovery from a c-section can be an emotional experience, and it is important to reach out to friends, family, and support groups for emotional support and encouragement.

It is important to keep in mind that every woman's recovery is unique, and that the specific steps you need to take to recover from a c-section will depend on your individual circumstances. Your doctor or midwife will be able to provide more information and guidance on how to recover from a c-section, and can help you develop a plan that is right for you.

 

Unit 3.3: Breastfeeding

1. How Much Should my Newborn Drink

During the first week, your baby needs to feed as often as possible, at least 8 times a day. It could be between one to every three hours in the first few days. Sometimes you will even have to wake your baby to feed. It is important to remember that you might not think your baby is eating enough but they will signal you if they have had enough. Here are some guidelines to know how much your baby’s stomach is able to hold.

  • Day 1: 5 - 7ml
  • Day 3: 22 – 27ml
  • Day 7: 45 – 60ml
  • Day 30: 80 – 150ml

After a month you can measure your baby’s stomach size by the size of their fist.

 

2. The Importance of Breastfeeding

Breast milk contains all supplements needed to build the immune system in a baby. The first milk contains colostrum. Colostrum contains essential fats, carbs, proteins and antibodies that your baby needs for building up the immune system and helping with your baby’s digestive system. Remember not to give your baby any liquids or water to drink.

 

Here are some of the key benefits of breastfeeding:

  • Nutritional benefits: Breast milk provides the perfect balance of nutrients for a baby's growth and development, and it can help to protect the baby against infections and illnesses.
  • Bonding: Breastfeeding can help to promote bonding between a mother and her baby, and it can provide a sense of comfort and security for the baby.
  • Health benefits for the mother: Breastfeeding can help to reduce the risk of certain health problems for the mother, such as breast and ovarian cancer, and it can also help the mother to return to her pre-pregnancy weight more quickly.
  • Cost savings: Breastfeeding is free, which can be a significant saving for families, especially when compared to the cost of formula.
  • Convenience: Breastfeeding can be convenient, as the mother does not need to prepare bottles or sterilise equipment, and the baby can be fed anywhere, anytime.

After about 2 – 3 days after giving birth, you will start to produce proper breast milk. Breastfeeding is part of the bonding process, as skin to skin contact relaxes the baby. Breastfeed your baby within the first hour after birth, a good attachment is crucial for getting breastfeeding off to a good start.

 

 Here are some tips to help you learn to breastfeed your newborn:

  • Breastfeeding for the first time is very challenging to most mothers. If you are committed to this process, preparation is key. Preparing in advance for challenges that will come will definitely increase your chances of success. Prepare by doing research on breastfeeding before your baby arrives. Join a group of mothers on whatsapp or Facebook who are experienced in breastfeeding for they will be a valuable source of help when you are in need.
  • Get into a comfortable position: It is important to find a comfortable position for breastfeeding, as this can help to ensure that the baby is able to latch on correctly and feed effectively. Some common breastfeeding positions include the cradle hold, the cross-cradle hold, and the football hold.
  • Encourage the baby to latch on correctly: The baby should be facing the mother, and the mother should aim to get as much of the baby's mouth and tongue onto the areola (the dark area around the nipple) as possible. The baby's lips should be flanged out, and the baby's tongue should be under the nipple.
  • Let the baby feed for as long as they want: The baby will naturally stop feeding when they are full. It is important to let the baby feed for as long as they want on one breast, and then offer the other breast.
  • Avoid using pacifiers: Pacifiers can interfere with the baby's ability to breastfeed effectively, and they can also reduce the amount of time the baby spends at the breast.
  • Seek support from a lactation consultant or breastfeeding support group: If you are having trouble breastfeeding, it can be helpful to seek support from a lactation consultant or a breastfeeding support group. These resources can provide you with guidance and advice on how to overcome common breastfeeding challenges.

 

It is important to keep in mind that breastfeeding can be a learning process for both the mother and the baby, and that it may take time and patience to get the hang of it. However, with the right support and resources, most mothers are able to successfully breastfeed their babies and enjoy the many benefits that this form of feeding can provide.

When the breast is full the mother should release/express some milk to prevent the breast from getting tender and painful. Expressed milk can be stored in the fridge and it can be frozen for about 3 months. It is important not to heat the breast milk in a microwave oven but rather place the milk in warm water because the microwave oven will destroy many of the beneficial ingredients of breastmilk.

During the first few days of breastfeeding, your nipples will become very tender and sensitive. Apply a warm cloth before nursing to help the flow of the milk. After feeding you can apply cold/frozen cabbage leaves to release some tenderness. Massage breasts in circular motions.

Some foods that will help with breastmilk production – apricots, beet leaves, brown rice, carrots, chickpea, garlic, ginger, green papaya, nuts, oatmeal, salmon, spinach, sweet potato and water. Some women also drink Stoney to help with their milk production.

To ensure that your baby is healthy, eat healthy foods, do not smoke or use any alcohol or drugs.

If you do decide not to breastfeed your baby, consult a medical professional before starting your baby on formula.

 

3. Breastfeeding Positions

The importance of breastfeeding is to find a comfortable position. Here are a few breastfeeding positions tips.

  • Cross-cradle – Hold your baby towards your body, support your baby’s head with one hand while holding your breast with the other hand.
  • Cradle – Cradling your baby, resting their head on your arm and pressing their stomach against your own.
  • Football – Support your baby’s head on the same side as the breast used for feeding your baby. Support your baby’s body with your arm with a pillow tucked under your arm on the side of the breast you are feeding on.

 

Unit 3.4: Formula Feeding

Formula feeding is the process of feeding a baby with formula, which is a manufactured food that is designed to provide the nutrients a baby needs to grow and develop. Formula feeding is a common alternative to breastfeeding, and it can be a convenient and effective way to feed a baby. Here are some tips for formula feeding:

● Choose the right formula: There are many different types of formula available, including cow's milk-based formula, soy-based formula, and special-needs formula. Your doctor or paediatrician can help you choose the right formula for your baby based on your baby's individual needs and any medical conditions they may have.

  • Prepare the formula correctly: It is important to prepare the formula according to the manufacturer's instructions, and to use the correct water-to-powder ratio. You should also avoid preparing the formula in advance, as this can reduce its nutritional value.
  • Use a clean bottle and nipple: It is important to use a clean bottle and nipple for each feeding, and to wash and sterilise the equipment before use.
  • Follow feeding guidelines: Your baby may need to be fed every two to three hours, or as often as they show signs of hunger. You should also follow your doctor's recommendations for the amount of formula your baby should be receiving at each feeding.
  • Avoid overfeeding: Overfeeding can cause your baby to gain weight too quickly, and it can also increase the risk of spitting up and other digestive problems.

 

It is important to keep in mind that formula feeding is not the same as breastfeeding, and that it may not provide the same health benefits as breast milk. However, for mothers who are unable to breastfeed, formula feeding can be a safe and effective way to feed their babies. Your doctor or paediatrician can provide more information and guidance on how to formula feed your baby.

 

Unit 4.1: Bonding with your Newborn

Bonding with a newborn baby is an important and special process that can help to create a strong and lasting relationship between a parent and their child. Here are some tips to help you bond with your newborn:

  • Skin-to-skin contact: Spending time holding your baby skin-to-skin, such as during Kangaroo Care, can help to promote bonding and increase the release of hormones that promote feelings of love and attachment.
  • Talking and singing to your baby: Talking and singing to your baby can help to create a bond and to stimulate your baby's development.
  • Eye contact: Making eye contact with your baby during feedings and other interactions can help to promote bonding and increase feelings of love and attachment.
  • Massage: Gentle massage can help to promote relaxation and bonding, and it can also help to improve your baby's overall well-being.
  • Playtime: Spending time playing with your baby, such as through tummy time or other interactive play, can help to promote bonding and to stimulate your baby's development.
  • Respond to your baby's cues: Paying attention to your baby's cues and responding promptly to their needs can help to build trust and to promote bonding.

It is important to keep in mind that bonding is a process that takes time, and that it may not happen immediately. However, with patience and persistence, most parents are able to develop a strong and lasting bond with their newborn baby. Your doctor or paediatrician can provide more information and guidance on how to bond with your newborn.

 

Unit 4.2: Sleeping Routine

1. Sleeping Routine of the Newborn

A newborn baby's sleep routine can be unpredictable and challenging for parents, but with a few tips and strategies, you can help your baby to get the rest they need. Here are some tips for establishing a sleep routine for your newborn:

  • Encourage daytime naps: Newborns need a lot of sleep, and they may need to nap several times a day. Encouraging your baby to nap during the day can help to improve their nighttime sleep.
  • Create a bedtime routine: Establishing a bedtime routine, such as a bath, a feeding, and a lullaby, can help to signal to your baby that it is time for sleep.
  • Place your baby on their back to sleep: To reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), it is recommended that newborns be placed on their back to sleep, rather than on their stomach or side.
  • Create a sleep-conducive environment: Making sure that your baby's sleep environment is quiet, dark, and cool can help to promote sleep and reduce the risk of wakefulness.
  • Be flexible: Newborns may have different sleep needs from day to day, and it is important to be flexible and to adjust your sleep routine as needed.

 

It is important to keep in mind that newborns' sleep patterns can be unpredictable, and that it may take time for your baby to develop a consistent sleep routine. However, with patience and persistence, most parents are able to establish a sleep routine that works for their baby. Your doctor or paediatrician can provide more information and guidance on how to establish a sleep routine for your newborn.

 

2. How to Swaddle your Baby

Spread out a baby blanket with one corner folded slightly, lay your baby down on the blanket with the head above the fold, cover the baby from the left corner and tuck the blanket beneath the back of the baby under the right arm, take the bottom part and pull it over the feet just under the neck of the baby. Take the right corner around the baby and tuck under the baby’s back on the left side leaving the head open. Make sure your baby is not wrapped too tight by sliding your hand between your baby’s blanket and chest (you are not supposed to force your hand in as it should slide, if not, you wrapped your baby too tight). If the blanket is too loose it will come undone. Remember, if your baby shows signs of rolling over, you need to stop swaddling your baby.

 

Unit 4.3: Cleaning your Newborn

1. Baby’s First Bath at the Hospital

  • It is best to clean your baby when your baby is awake and content.
  • The room should be warm and everything must be prepared before you start cleaning/bathing your baby.
  • All windows must be closed to prevent a breeze in the room during the bathing process.
  • Hold your baby, already wrapped in a towel, firmly on your knee or lay them down on a towel. Use the wet or damp soft cloth and wipe gently around your baby's eyes.
  • Preferably you can start washing your baby from head to toes, starting with the eyes and ears.
  • Do not use ear buds to clean your baby’s ears as this can cause damage to their fragile ear structures. You can however use cotton wool to clean your baby’s ears.
  • Be careful not to wet the umbilical cord; the umbilical cord needs to be cleaned with surgical spirits. This should be done repeatedly every time you clean your baby’s diaper.
  • Dry your baby gently, powdering and putting baby lotion on their body. And then you can dress your baby with a clean nappy and clothes.
  • Babies will most likely cry during their bath and it will help calm and relax your baby if you talk or sing to your baby through the whole process of bathing.
  • After cleaning your baby, it is good to hold your baby to your chest so she can feel safe and secure.

 

2. Baby’s First Bath at Home

In the hospital you cleaned your baby with cotton wool, but now you need to prepare to bathe your baby for the first time. It's best to only give your baby a full bath once the umbilical cord has fallen off. You can test the water temperature with the soft skin of your wrist. The water must be lukewarm.

Thinking of bathing your baby for the first time will make you feel a bit stressed at first. By preparing, and with the right setup, your baby’s first bath can be very easy and stress-free. Your baby will cry, but that is normal and nothing to worry about because it is a new experience for him or her.

 

 Tips for your baby’s first bath:

  • Make sure the surface is flat and covered with a soft towel or blanket for the baby to lie on. Prepare and make sure that everything you need is set up and that the room temperature is nice and warm so you can start the bathing process.
  • Fill the baby’s tub with about 5 cm of warm water and about 38 degrees. Make sure the water is not too warm or too cold as babies lose their body heat very quickly. Use an extra damp cloth dipped into baby’s water to cover your baby all the time (dip cloth often into baby’s bath water to make sure baby is nice and warm).
  • Bath your baby by supporting the neck and head area at all times.
  • When taking your baby out of the tub, you need to cover her quickly with a towel and towel dry while covered.
  • If you do use lotion and powders, apply fast and gently while still covering him.
  • After dressing your baby, swaddle your baby so she can feel safe because it probably was an unfamiliar, scary experience for her.

 

New born babies do not need a full bath every day. Bath them about three times a week. The rest of the time you can use a cloth or sponge to clean your baby.

 

Unit 5.1: One to Four weeks

Most newborn babies’ weight will fluctuate for a while after they are born. That is normal. Breastfed babies tend to slowly gain weight in two to three weeks, whereas babies on formula gain back the weight that was lost much quicker. Ensure that your baby is fed once every two to three hours. Remember that crying is the only way a baby communicates. Some babies do cry more than other babies, but they usually cry when they are hungry or have a dirty nappy. During the first few days your baby’s stools will be thick, sticky and greenish-black in colour.

 

1. Your Newborn’s Development

  • Vision – A baby’s vision is a little blurry at first. You may also notice that your baby’s eyes sometimes cross, which is normal as the muscles controlling eye movement are not fully developed yet
  • Hearing – Although your baby's hearing is not completely developed, your child is already familiar with your voice
  • Taste – Your baby’s sense of taste is already highly developed
  • Smell – As soon as your baby is born, your baby recognizes your scent
  • Touch – This is the most developed sense of all senses at birth

 

 

 

Unit 5.2: Clinical Visits and Vaccination

It is very important for you to make sure that your baby’s clinical visits, according to their clinical chart, are completed. The medical professionals are there to support and to advise if uncertainty arises with your baby’s health, growth and development.

 What to expect at the Clinic, if you are a first time visitor to a Clinic:

  • Fill out a form
  • Proof of ID document
  • Stating if you use medication and what medication you are using if so
  • Clinic card if registered
  • If it is the first time, a Clinic card will be provided to you
  • Your child's Road to Health Booklet

 

Why is it important for your baby to be vaccinated? A baby's immune system is not fully developed at birth and can put your baby at risk for certain infectious diseases. Vaccines decrease your child's risk of contracting these infectious diseases.

 Your baby will be vaccinated at Birth:

  • Right Arm - BCG - Bacillus Calmette-Guérin - vaccination is given to newborn babies at risk of getting tuberculosis. TB is a serious infectious disease and causes TB meningitis
  • Oral – OPV – Polio – to ensure protection against polio

 

 

Unit 6.1: One month old Milestones

 

At one month, you will notice that your baby will lift and turn their head slightly, will start bringing their hands to their face and will suck very well. You will also notice that your baby will show more movement and their weight will increase.

  • Vision - Your baby’s eyesight will improve and he will focus more on your face.
  • Hearing - Because your baby’s hearing is fully developed, your baby will respond more to familiar sounds and loud noises in some ways.
  • Facial expression - your baby might start smiling.
  • If your baby does not do all of the above, there is nothing to worry about as some babies show signs a bit later than other babies.

 

The umbilical cord will change into a cord stump after birth. The umbilical cord stump should fall off within the first few weeks after the umbilical cord has fallen off. You need to make sure that it is kept clean and dry with surgical spirits and cotton wool. If the stump cord has a foul-smelling discharge or looks open with redness on the skin, you will need to see a medical professional.

If you choose to circumcise your baby boy, a newly circumcised penis should be kept clean and dry just like with the umbilical cord. This means only sponge baths until your baby’s circumcised penis heals, which is usually within 10 days.

 

 Your 6-weeks old baby will be vaccinated at the clinic for:

  • Oral – OPV1 - Polio – 2nd vaccination of Polio is given for babies
  • Oral – Rotavirus - Rotavirus is a highly infectious stomach bug that typically affect babies
  • Right Thigh – PCVI - Protects your child against potentially serious, and even deadly infections caused by pneumococcal disease, like pneumococcal meningitis and pneumonia
  • Left thigh – Hexavalent – (DtaP-IPV-Hib_HBV)1 - which contains the acellular form of pertussis, hepatitis B and inactivated polio vaccine in addition to the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis combination

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 6.2: Two month old Milestones

You will notice that your two-month-old baby is gaining more control over their body. Their sucking reflex gets stronger and they will demand more food at feeding time. Sleeping patterns will evolve and they are ready to sleep for longer periods at a time because feeding will be every 3 to 4 hours during the day and longer stretches at night. Your baby will show signs of gaining weight. If your baby has a problem gaining weight, you should see a medical professional. You will also need to expect at least 4 to 6 wet diapers a day.

 

  • Vision - your baby can see objects and will start seeing your face more clearly. She will also be able to follow movement when movements are close by.
  • Vocal - Your baby will become more vocal and will start making little noises when communicating. You should talk and sing to your baby to encourage communication.
  • Movement - Your baby will lift his/her head a little longer while laying on their stomach. Your baby might roll from stomach to back.

 

A breastfed baby’s stools should be soft and slightly runny whereas a formula fed baby’s stools will be a little bit firmer. If your formula fed baby’s stool is hard, you must consult a medical profession. Remember that your baby’s stool colour can vary but should never be red, white or black. If so, you need to consult a medical professional immediately.

 

 Your 10-week old baby will be vaccinated at the clinic for:

  • Right thigh – Hexavalent – (DtaP-IPV-Hib_HepB) - which contains diphtheria-tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Hepatitis B combined Intramuscular.

 

 

Unit 6.3: Three month old Milestones

Your 3-month-old baby’s personality is starting to develop. You will notice that your baby will sleep longer at night. Some babies, by this time, will sleep through the night. The length between feeding times will increase. And you will notice that your baby gained weight and grew bigger. If that is not the case, you should consult a medical professional.

 

  • Vision - Your baby will now see further and will recognise you from a distance. He will also follow movement with their eyes.
  • Movement - You may notice that your baby begins to use their legs to kick and stretch. This will occur especially when lying down on their stomach or back. They will also start with hand-eye coordination movements, like trying to touch something. He will even be able to lift his head more. He might also be able to start rolling over and show signs of playing and holding objects.
  • Vocal – Your baby will become more vocal and might even laugh out loud, or will be showing excitement by making new cooing sounds.

 

1. Playtime for development

For a 3-month-old baby, playtime is an important aspect of their development. At this age, babies are just starting to explore the world around them, and play provides a great opportunity for them to learn and grow.

 

 Here are some activities that can be enjoyable and beneficial for a 3-month-old:

  • Tummy time: Place the baby on their tummy on a blanket or playmat and encourage them to lift their head and look around. This helps to strengthen their neck and back muscles.
  • Sensory toys: Simple toys, such as soft toys, rattles, or cloth books can provide stimulation for their developing senses.
  • Cuddle time: Holding, rocking, and cuddling your baby can be both calming and enjoyable for them.
  • Singing and talking: Talking and singing to your baby can help to develop their language skills and strengthen your bond with them.

 

It's important to remember that at this age, babies have limited attention spans, so play sessions should be kept short and varied. Additionally, always make sure to supervise your baby during playtime to ensure their safety.

 

Unit 7.1: Four month old Milestones

At 4 months old, babies are rapidly developing and changing. Here are some of the typical developmental milestones for a 4-month-old baby:

  • Physical development: Your baby may be able to hold their head steady while on their tummy, and they may even be able to roll over from their tummy to their back. They may also be able to bring their hands to their mouth and grip toys.
  • Communication skills: Your baby may start to coo and make gurgling sounds, and they may even start to laugh out loud. They may also be able to follow your face with their eyes and recognize familiar people.
  • Sensory development: Your baby's senses, such as sight, hearing, touch, and taste, are all developing rapidly at this stage. They may be more responsive to different textures and sounds, and they may start to show a preference for certain toys or objects.
  • Social and emotional development: Your baby may start to show a preference for familiar faces and may even smile in response to familiar voices. They may also start to become more interested in their surroundings and begin to reach out to touch and explore objects.

 

It's important to remember that every baby develops at their own pace, and these milestones are just a general guide. If you have any concerns about your baby's development, it's always a good idea to speak with your paediatrician.

 

 Your 14-week old baby will be vaccinated at the clinic for:

  • Oral – Rotavirus 2 - Rotavirus is a highly infectious stomach bug that typically affects babies.
  • Right Thigh – PCV2 - Protects your child against potentially serious, and even deadly infections caused by pneumococcal disease, like pneumococcal meningitis and pneumonia.
  • Left thigh – Hexavalent – (DtaP-IPV-Hib_HBV)3 - which contains the acellular form of pertussis, hepatitis B and inactivated polio vaccine in addition to the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis combination.

 

Unit 7.2: Five month old Milestones

At 5 months old, babies are continuing to grow and develop rapidly. Here are some of the typical developmental milestones for a 5-month-old baby:

 

  • Physical development: Your baby may be able to roll over in both directions and may start to sit up with support. They may also be able to grasp and shake toys.
  • Communication skills: Your baby may start to make more intentional vocalisations, such as coos and gurgles, and may even start to babble. They may also be able to recognize their own name and respond to familiar voices.
  • Sensory development: Your baby's senses, such as sight, hearing, touch, and taste, are all continuing to develop. They may be more responsive to different textures and sounds, and they may start to show a preference for certain toys or objects.
  • Social and emotional development: Your baby may start to show a preference for familiar faces and may even smile in response to familiar voices. They may also start to become more interested in their surroundings and begin to reach out to touch and explore objects.

 

It's important to remember that every baby develops at their own pace, and these milestones are just a general guide. If you have any concerns about your baby's development, it's always a good idea to speak with your paediatrician.

 

Unit 7.3: Six month old Milestones

At 6 months old, babies are continuing to grow and develop in many ways. Here are some of the typical developmental milestones for a 6-month-old baby:

 

  • Physical development: Your baby may be able to sit up with support, roll over in both directions, and even start to crawl. They may also be able to transfer objects from hand to hand and start to bang objects together.
  • Communication skills: Your baby may start to make more intentional vocalisations, such as babbling, and may even start to say their first words. They may also respond to their name and may be able to understand simple commands.
  • Sensory development: Your baby's senses, such as sight, hearing, touch, and taste, are all continuing to develop. They may be more interested in their surroundings and may start to reach for and grasp objects.
  • Social and emotional development: Your baby may show more separation anxiety when away from familiar caregivers, and may start to become more social, smiling and giggling with others. They may also start to show emotions such as frustration or anger.

 

It's important to remember that every baby develops at their own pace, and these milestones are just a general guide. If you have any concerns about your baby's development, it's always a good idea to speak with your paediatrician.

 

Unit 7.4: Seven month old Milestones

At 7 months old, babies continue to grow and develop in many areas. Here are some of the typical developmental milestones for a 7-month-old baby:

  • Physical development: Your baby may be able to sit up independently, crawl, and even start to pull themselves up to a standing position. They may also be able to pick up small objects with their fingers and start to transfer objects from one hand to the other.
  • Communication skills: Your baby may start to make more complex vocalisations, such as babbling with inflection, and may even say their first words. They may also start to understand simple commands and may respond to "no" and "bye-bye".
  • Sensory development: Your baby's senses, such as sight, hearing, touch, and taste, are all continuing to develop. They may be more interested in their surroundings and may start to show a preference for certain toys or objects.
  • Social and emotional development: Your baby may start to show more separation anxiety when away from familiar caregivers, and may start to become more social, smiling and giggling with others. They may also start to show emotions such as frustration or anger.

 

It's important to remember that every baby develops at their own pace, and these milestones are just a general guide. If you have any concerns about your baby's development, it's always a good idea to speak with your paediatrician.

 

Unit 7.5: Eight month old Milestones

At 8 months old, babies continue to grow and develop in many areas. Here are some of the typical developmental milestones for an 8-month-old baby:

  • Physical development: Your baby may be able to crawl well, pull themselves up to a standing position, and even take their first steps while holding onto furniture. They may also be able to pick up small objects with their fingers and start to use a pincer grasp to pick up small objects, such as food.
  • Communication skills: Your baby's communication skills continue to develop, and they may start to say several words, such as "mama" or "dada". They may also start to understand simple requests, such as "come here".
  • Sensory development: Your baby's senses, such as sight, hearing, touch, and taste, are all continuing to develop. They may be more interested in their surroundings and may start to show a preference for certain toys or objects.
  • Social and emotional development: Your baby may start to show more separation anxiety when away from familiar caregivers, and may start to become more social, smiling and giggling with others. They may also start to show a range of emotions, such as frustration, anger, and fear.

 

It's important to remember that every baby develops at their own pace, and these milestones are just a general guide. If you have any concerns about your baby's development, it's always a good idea to speak with your paediatrician

 

 

 

Unit 7.6: Nine month old Milestones

At 9 months old, babies continue to grow and develop in many areas. Here are some of the typical developmental milestones for a 9-month-old baby:

  • Physical development: Your baby may be able to stand while holding onto furniture and may start to take their first steps. They may also be able to pick up small objects with ease using a pincer grasp, and may start to play with toys in new and creative ways.
  • Communication skills: Your baby's communication skills continue to develop, and they may start to say several words, such as "mama" or "dada". They may also start to understand simple requests, such as "come here", and may be able to point to objects they want.
  • Sensory development: Your baby's senses, such as sight, hearing, touch, and taste, are all continuing to develop. They may be more interested in their surroundings and may start to show a preference for certain toys or objects.
  • Social and emotional development: Your baby may become more social, smiling and giggling with others, and may start to show a range of emotions, such as joy, frustration, anger, and fear. They may also start to enjoy playing with other babies and may start to form simple relationships.

 

It's important to remember that every baby develops at their own pace, and these milestones are just a general guide. If you have any concerns about your baby's development, it's always a good idea to speak with your paediatrician.

 

Unit 7.7: Ten month old Milestones

 

At 10 months old, babies continue to grow and develop in many areas. Here are some of the typical developmental milestones for a 10-month-old baby:

  • Physical development: Your baby may be able to walk independently, and may start to climb stairs with support. They may also be able to pick up small objects with ease using a pincer grasp, and may start to play with toys in more complex ways.
  • Communication skills: Your baby's communication skills continue to develop, and they may start to say several words, such as "mama" or "dada". They may also start to understand simple requests, such as "come here", and may be able to point to objects they want.
  • Sensory development: Your baby's senses, such as sight, hearing, touch, and taste, are all continuing to develop. They may be more interested in their surroundings and may start to show a preference for certain toys or objects.
  • Social and emotional development: Your baby may become more social, smiling and giggling with others, and may start to show a range of emotions, such as joy, frustration, anger, and fear. They may also start to enjoy playing with other babies and may start to form simple relationships.

 

It's important to remember that every baby develops at their own pace, and these milestones are just a general guide. If you have any concerns about your baby's development, it's always a good idea to speak with your paediatrician.

 

Unit 7.8: Eleven month old Milestones

At 11 months old, babies continue to grow and develop in many areas. Here are some of the typical developmental milestones for an 11-month-old baby:

  • Physical development: Your baby may be able to walk independently, and may start to climb stairs with support. They may also be able to pick up small objects with ease using a pincer grasp, and may start to play with toys in more complex ways.
  • Communication skills: Your baby's communication skills continue to develop, and they may start to say several words, such as "mama" or "dada". They may also start to understand simple requests, such as "come here", and may be able to point to objects they want.
  • Sensory development: Your baby's senses, such as sight, hearing, touch, and taste, are all continuing to develop. They may be more interested in their surroundings and may start to show a preference for certain toys or objects.
  • Social and emotional development: Your baby may become more social, smiling and giggling with others, and may start to show a range of emotions, such as joy, frustration, anger, and fear. They may also start to enjoy playing with other babies and may start to form simple relationships.

 

It's important to remember that every baby develops at their own pace, and these milestones are just a general guide. If you have any concerns about your baby's development, it's always a good idea to speak with your paediatrician.

 

 

Unit 7.9: Twelve month old Milestones

At 12 months old, babies are reaching many exciting developmental milestones. Here are some of the typical developmental milestones for a 12-month-old baby:

  • Physical development: Your baby may be able to walk independently, and may start to run and climb stairs. They may also be able to pick up small objects with ease using a pincer grasp and may start to use utensils, such as a spoon, to feed themselves.
  • Communication skills: Your baby's communication skills continue to develop, and they may start to say several words, such as "mama" or "dada". They may also start to understand simple requests, such as "come here", and may be able to point to objects they want.
  • Sensory development: Your baby's senses, such as sight, hearing, touch, and taste, are all continuing to develop. They may be more interested in their surroundings and may start to show a preference for certain toys or objects.
  • Social and emotional development: Your baby may become more social, smiling and giggling with others, and may start to show a range of emotions, such as joy, frustration, anger, and fear. They may also start to enjoy playing with other babies and may start to form simple relationships.

It's important to remember that every baby develops at their own pace, and these milestones are just a general guide. If you have any concerns about your baby's development, it's always a good idea to speak with your paediatrician.

 

Unit 8.1: Introducing Solids to a Baby

Introducing solid foods to a baby is an exciting milestone in their development. However, it's important to follow some guidelines to ensure that your baby is ready for solid foods and that the transition is safe and healthy.

 

 Here are some general guidelines for introducing solids to a baby:

  • Wait until your baby is ready: Most babies are ready to start solid foods between 4 and 6 months old. Signs that your baby is ready include being able to sit upright with support, having good head control, and showing an interest in food.
  • Start with single-ingredient foods: It's best to start with single-ingredient foods, such as pureed fruits or vegetables, to minimise the risk of food allergies. Gradually introduce new foods one at a time, waiting a few days between each new food to watch for any signs of an allergic reaction.
  • Avoid certain foods: There are some foods that should be avoided in the first year of life, including honey, cow's milk, and certain types of fish. Be sure to speak with your paediatrician about specific foods that should be avoided.
  • Offer food at regular mealtimes: Offer solid foods at regular mealtimes, in addition to breastmilk or formula. Start with small portions and gradually increase the amount as your baby becomes more comfortable with solids.
  • Follow your baby's cues: Let your baby lead the way when it comes to eating. They will let you know when they are full by turning their head away from the spoon or closing their mouth.

 

Remember, introducing solids is a gradual process, and it may take time for your baby to fully transition from breastmilk or formula to solid foods. Always speak with your paediatrician if you have any questions or concerns about introducing solids to your baby.

Here are some types of food that are appropriate for a 6-month-old baby:

 

  • Pureed fruits and vegetables: Start with single-ingredient purees, such as apples, bananas, carrots, and sweet potatoes. Avoid adding sugar or salt.
  • Soft, mashed, or well-cooked grains: Offer cooked and mashed grains, such as rice, oatmeal, or barley.
  • Soft, mashed, or well-cooked proteins: Offer well-cooked and mashed proteins, such as chicken, beef, tofu, or legumes.
  • Iron-fortified cereals: Offer iron-fortified cereals, such as oatmeal or rice cereal, mixed with breastmilk or formula.
  • Yoghurt: Offer plain, whole-milk yoghurt that does not contain added sugar.

 

It's important to follow your baby's lead and offer small portions of food at each meal. As your baby becomes more comfortable with solid foods, you can gradually increase the quantity and variety of foods offered. It's also important to avoid certain foods, such as honey, cow's milk, and certain types of fish in the first year of life. Always speak with your paediatrician about specific foods that should be avoided.

Your baby needs Iron, vitamin c, protein and fat. Here are a few examples of foods your baby needs for their development and health.

Iron - beef, pork, chicken, eggs, beans, lentils, baby cereal.

Vitamin C – Strawberries, tomato, citrus fruits, tomato and dark green vegetables.

Protein food – beef, pork, fish, beans, lentils, cheese, yoghurt, whole grains, green vegetables.

Fat foods – Avocado butter, olive oil, yoghurt, fish and ground flaxseeds

Keep in mind, when introducing your baby to new foods, there are risks of being allergic to some foods. If you notice anything out of the ordinary, please consult a medical professional immediately. Most likely you might notice a sensitivity to milk or eggs at a young age.

 

 

Unit 8.2: Danger Signs when Caring for a Baby

As a parent or caregiver, it's important to be aware of any potential danger signs when caring for a baby. Here are some warning signs that you should look out for:

  • Breathing difficulties: If your baby is having difficulty breathing, is gasping for air, or is making a high-pitched noise when breathing, seek medical attention immediately.
  • Skin colour changes: If your baby's skin becomes pale, blue, or mottled, it could be a sign of a serious problem, such as a lack of oxygen.
  • Unusual lethargy or excessive sleepiness: If your baby is abnormally sleepy or difficult to wake, it could be a sign of an underlying health issue.
  • Unusual crying or irritability: If your baby is crying excessively or is unusually irritable, it could be a sign of discomfort or pain.
  • Poor feeding: If your baby is not feeding well, is refusing to eat, or is vomiting frequently, it could be a sign of an underlying health issue.
  • Abnormal body temperature: If your baby has a high or low body temperature, it could be a sign of an infection or other health problem.
  • Rash or skin irritation: If your baby has a rash or skin irritation that does not go away or is spreading, it could be a sign of an allergic reaction or other skin condition.
  • Vomiting or diarrhoea: If your baby is vomiting frequently or has diarrhoea, seek medical attention, especially if they are not eating or drinking enough fluids

If you notice any of these warning signs, it's important to seek medical attention right away. Early diagnosis and treatment can help ensure the best outcome for your baby.

 

Unit 8.3: Activities to Help Baby Develop

The activities that you can use to help your baby to achieve her milestones will vary according to their age. Below is a list of activities. As your baby ages and displays signs of reaching a developmental milestone, you can adapt, change or upgrade a specific activity to suit her needs. Here are some fun activities that can help support development:

 

  • Tummy time: Place your baby on their stomach to play, which will help strengthen their neck, back, and arm muscles.
  • Imitation play: Encourage your baby to imitate simple actions, such as clapping or waving, and praise them for their efforts.
  • Songs and fingerplays: Sing songs and do finger plays with your baby, which will help develop their language skills and hand-eye coordination.
  • Bath time: Bath time can be a fun and interactive activity for your baby. Play with toys, splash in the water, and talk to your baby about what's happening.
  • Playtime with toys: Offer your baby a variety of toys, such as blocks, balls, and stacking toys, to play with and explore.
  • Music and dancing: Play music for your baby and dance together, which will help develop their sense of rhythm and coordination.
  • Reading time: Read books with your baby, pointing to the pictures and talking about what's happening in the story.
  • Sensory exploration: Offer your baby opportunities to explore their environment through their senses, such as touching different textures and looking at new sights and sounds.
  • Crawling games: Encourage your baby to crawl after toys, such as a ball or stuffed animal, to help develop their physical skills.
  • Walking games: If your baby is starting to walk, encourage them to take steps with your help and play walking games, such as "follow the leader"

 

Last modified: Friday, 29 September 2023, 8:48 AM